Gentes,ExiletoSiberia,1590–1822(Basingstoke,2008),p.48.
5RobertHughes,TheFatalShore:AHistoryoftheTransportationofConvictstoAustralia,1787–1868(London,1986),p.145;GwendaMorganandPeterRushton,BanishmentintheEarlyAtlanticWorld:Convicts,RebelsandSlaves(London,2013),ch.6.关于把刑罚殖民者放逐到法属圭亚那，参见StephenA.Toth,BeyondPapillon:TheFrenchOverseasPenalColonies,1854–1952(Lincoln,NE,2006);MichelPierre,Laterredelagrandepunition(Paris,1982)。
6Hughes,TheFatalShore,pp.129–57;J.McDonaldandR.Shlomowitz,‘MortalityonConvictVoyagestoAustralia,1788–1868’,SocialScienceHistory,vol.13,no.3(1989),pp.285–313;JamesJ.Willis,‘TransportationversusImprisonmentinEighteenth-andNineteenth-CenturyBritain:PenalPower,Liberty,andtheState’,LawandSocietyReview,vol.39,no.1(2005),pp.171–210;HamishMaxwell-Stewart,‘ConvictTransportationfromBritainandIreland,1615–1870’,HistoryCompass,vol.8,no.11(2010),pp.1221–42.
7AntonChekhov,SakhalinIsland,trans.BrianReeve(Richmond,2007),p.26;N.Rumiantsev,Istoricheskiiocherkperesylkiaresta
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